# Remote Sensing Projects Remote sensing projects are perfect for beginners because they provide immediate, visible feedback. When you build a light sensor, you can see it respond to shadows. When you build a temperature sensor, you can watch the readings change as you warm it with your hand. ## Project 1: Simple Light Sensor ### Overview Build a basic light sensor using a photoresistor (LDR - Light Dependent Resistor) that changes resistance based on light intensity. ### Components Needed - Photoresistor (LDR) - 10kΩ resistor - LED - 220Ω resistor - Arduino or similar microcontroller (optional, for digital readout) - Breadboard and jumper wires ### Circuit Diagram

### How It Works A photoresistor's resistance decreases as light intensity increases. In a voltage divider circuit, this creates a voltage that varies with light level. The brighter the light, the lower the resistance, and the higher the voltage output. ### Building the Circuit 1. Place the photoresistor and 10kΩ resistor in a voltage divider configuration 2. Connect the junction between them to an analog input (for digital) or directly to an LED circuit (for analog) 3. The LED will glow brighter in darker conditions (inverse relationship) ### Experiments - Measure light levels in different rooms - Create a "night light" that turns on automatically - Build a simple light meter - Experiment with different light sources (LED, incandescent, sunlight) ## Project 2: Temperature Sensor ### Overview Use a thermistor to measure temperature changes. This project introduces the concept of temperature-dependent resistance. ### Components Needed - NTC Thermistor (10kΩ at 25°C) - 10kΩ resistor - Arduino or microcontroller - Breadboard and jumper wires ### Circuit Diagram

### How It Works A thermistor's resistance changes with temperature. Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistors decrease resistance as temperature increases. By measuring the voltage across a voltage divider, we can calculate the temperature. ### Calibration To convert voltage readings to temperature, you'll need to: 1. Take readings at known temperatures (ice water = 0°C, room temp ≈ 20-25°C) 2. Use the Steinhart-Hart equation or a lookup table 3. Linearize the response for your temperature range ## Project 3: Motion Detection with PIR Sensor ### Overview Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors detect motion by sensing changes in infrared radiation. This is how many security systems work! ### Components Needed - PIR motion sensor module - LED or buzzer - Arduino or microcontroller - Breadboard and jumper wires ### Circuit Diagram

### How It Works PIR sensors detect changes in infrared radiation. When a warm body (like a person) moves through the sensor's field of view, it detects the change and outputs a digital signal. ### Applications - Automatic lighting - Security alarms - Energy-saving systems - Interactive installations ## Project 4: Ultrasonic Distance Sensor ### Overview Measure distance using sound waves! Ultrasonic sensors send out high-frequency sound pulses and measure how long they take to bounce back. ### Components Needed - HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor module - Arduino or microcontroller - Breadboard and jumper wires ### Circuit Diagram

### How It Works 1. Sensor sends out a 40kHz ultrasonic pulse 2. Pulse bounces off objects 3. Sensor receives the echo 4. Time difference = distance (speed of sound × time / 2) ### Experiments - Build a simple rangefinder - Create a "parking assistant" - Measure room dimensions - Detect when objects are too close ## Interactive Circuit Simulator Experiment with these circuits before building them! Adjust component values and see how the circuit responds.

## Next Steps Once you've mastered these basic sensors, explore: - Combining multiple sensors - Data logging and visualization - Wireless sensor networks - Calibration and accuracy improvement [[Engineering/Sensor Design|Learn about Sensor Design Fundamentals →]]

Category: optimization

Optimization Algorithms: Finding the Best Solution